Adjustment of Vietnamese labour market in time of economic fluctuations and structural changes

Dans cet article, nous examinons les ajustements du marché du travail aux fluctuations économiques, compte tenu des transformations structurelles en cours ainsi que des changements à court terme. Nous utilisons pour cela des données des recensements de la population ou publiées dans les annuaires statistiques de l’Office Général de la Statistique pour les séries à long terme, et les enquêtes emploi conduites entre 2007 à 2012 pour les données à court terme. Cet article souligne la profonde transformation du marché du travail au cours des dernières décennies. La population active a doublé en 25 ans et la part de l'agriculture est passée en dessous du seuil de 50 %. L’absorption de l'offre de travail a donc été l'un des principaux défis pour l'économie vietnamienne sur cette période. Le secteur des entreprises familiales agricoles et non-agricoles a été le principal pourvoyeur d'emplois au cours de ces années. Le marché du travail s'est adapté au récent ralentissement économique à travers différents canaux. Le chômage est resté stable mais le nombre de personnes inactives a augmenté. La quantité de travail a également été affectée par une réduction significative du nombre d'heures travaillées. Alors que le secteur non agricole a généré plus d'emplois pour les travailleurs qualifiés, un flux de travailleurs non-qualifiés vers l’agriculture a été observé. En raison de facteurs démographiques, l'absorption de l'offre de travail et la création de nouveaux emplois ne sont plus le principal problème. En revanche, l’évolution récente du marché du travail appelle à la mise en oeuvre de politiques structurelles en vue d’améliorer les conditions de travail, la période étant particulièrement favorable pour mener ces politiques puisque le Vietnam profite actuellement du dividende démographique

Par4All: From Convex Array Regions to Heterogeneous Computing

2 pagesInternational audienceRecent compilers comprise an incremental way for converting software toward accelerators. For instance, the pgi Accelerator [14] or hmpp [3] require the use of directives. The programmer must select the pieces of source that are to be executed on the accelerator, providing optional directives that act as hints for data allocations and transfers. The compiler generates all code automatically. [...] Unlike these approaches, Par4All [13] is an automatic parallelizing and optimizing compiler for C and Fortran sequential programs funded by the hpc Project startup. The purpose of this source-to-source compiler is to integrate several compilation tools into an easy-to-use yet powerful compiler that automatically transforms existing programs to target various hardware platforms

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Adjustment of the Vietnamese Labour Market in Time of Economic fluctuations and Structural Changes

In this paper, we consider how labour market adjusts to economic fluctuations, considering structuraltransformation at work as well as short term changes. We utilise series calculated from populationcensuses and data published in the statistical yearbooks of GSO for long term series, and Labour ForceSurveys from 2007 to 2012 for short term data. The paper highlights the deep transformation of thelabour market in the last decades. The labour force has doubled in 25 years and the share of agriculturehas declined below 50%. Labour supply absorption was thus one of the main challenges for theVietnamese economy. The household sector has been the main job provider over the years, inagriculture as well as in non-farm activities. The labour market has adjusted to the recent economicslowdown through different channels. If unemployment does not rise, some people withdraw from thelabour force and the number of non-active people has grown. The quantity of labour is also affected bya significant reduction of hours worked. While the non-farm sector generates more jobs for skilledworkers, there is a shift of unskilled labour towards agriculture. Due to demographic factors, laboursupply absorption and creation of new jobs become a less acute problem. As Vietnam benefits of thedemographic dividend, the situation on the labour market should be favourable during the presentdecade to implement structural policies.Dans cet article, nous examinons les ajustements du marché du travail aux fluctuations économiques,compte tenu des transformations structurelles en cours ainsi que des changements à court terme. Nousutilisons pour cela des données des recensements de la population ou publiées dans les annuairesstatistiques de l’Office Général de la Statistique pour les séries à long terme, et les enquêtes emploiconduites entre 2007 à 2012 pour les données à court terme. Cet article souligne la profondetransformation du marché du travail au cours des dernières décennies. La population active a doubléen 25 ans et la part de l'agriculture est passée en dessous du seuil de 50 %. L’absorption de l'offre detravail a donc été l'un des principaux défis pour l'économie vietnamienne sur cette période. Le secteurdes entreprises familiales agricoles et non-agricoles a été le principal pourvoyeur d'emplois au coursde ces années. Le marché du travail s'est adapté au récent ralentissement économique à traversdifférents canaux. Le chômage est resté stable mais le nombre de personnes inactives a augmenté. Laquantité de travail a également été affectée par une réduction significative du nombre d'heurestravaillées. Alors que le secteur non agricole a généré plus d'emplois pour les travailleurs qualifiés, unflux de travailleurs non-qualifiés vers l’agriculture a été observé. En raison de facteursdémographiques, l'absorption de l'offre de travail et la création de nouveaux emplois ne sont plus leprincipal problème. En revanche, l’évolution récente du marché du travail appelle à la mise en oeuvrede politiques structurelles en vue d’améliorer les conditions de travail, la période étantparticulièrement favorable pour mener ces politiques puisque le Vietnam profite actuellement dudividende démographique